Microsyopidae - Evolution der Primaten

†Microsyopidae

Microsyopidae ist der Familienname von 35 Primaten, die ab dem frühen Paläozän vor 56,0 Millionen Jahren bis vor 33,9 Millionen Jahren lebten. Viele Überreste wurden in Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika (USA) gefunden.

Die Mitglieder der Familie Microsyopidae gehören zu den primitivsten Primaten. Einige Wissenschaftler sind der Meinung, dass einige Gattungen lediglich als "primatenähnliche Insektenfresser" klassifiziert werden sollten.

Microsyopidae waren eine sehr erfolgreiche Familie, deren Arten in Nordamerika und Europa mindestens vom mittleren Paläozän bis ins späte Eozän lebten. Sie sind in ihrer Erscheinung relativ vielfältig und umfassen sowohl die kleinsten aller bekannten Primaten von der Größe einer Spitzmaus, als auch die größten frühen Primaten von der Größe eines Waschbären.

Fundorte

Die Funddaten, die Systematik sowie die unten folgende Literatursammlung stammen aus der Paleobiology Database, Lizenz

Schädel und Zähne

Microsyopidae teilen mit den Plesiadapiformes die primatenähnlichen Gebissmerkmale und sie sind relativ konservativ, da sie eine recht primitive Gebissmorphologie während ihrer gesamten Entwicklungsgeschichte beibehalten haben. Alle Microsyopidae haben im Unterkiefer schmale, lanzettenähnliche mittlere Schneidezähne, die sie von anderen Familien unterscheiden.

Steckbrief

Die Welt zur Zeit von Microsyopidae
Landmassenverteilung im System Paläozän Bild: Ron Blakely
Ernährung/Lebensraum
Basierend auf den Fossilien glaubt man, dass die Familie Microsyopidae Allesfresser (omnivor) waren. Ihr Leben verbrachen die Tiere vermutlich in den Bäumen (arboreal), wo sie auch ihre Nahrung fanden.
* Daten nach Schiebout, 1974
Geographie, Epoche
Lebte im:	System: Paläozän
Verbreitung:	Nordamerika Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika (USA)

Physiologie
Gewicht:	?
Schwestertaxa
Primates

In Bezug auf den Schädel weisen Microsyopidae die primitivsten Säugetiermerkmale auf, denn sie zeigen eine verwirrende Mischung aus primatenähnlichen und nicht-primatenähnlichen Merkmalen. Die bekannteste Gattung ist Microsyops. Deren arterielle Schädelmerkmale erinnern eher an heute lebende Primaten, jedoch ist die Gehörregion primitiver.

Eine andere spezialisiertere Gruppe aus der Familie der Microsyopidae ist die Unterfamilie Uintasoricinae, bei der viele Forscher skeptisch sind, ob sie überhaupt zu den Primaten gehören oder nicht. Sie besteht aus den kleinen, spitzmausgroßen Gattungen Alveojunctus und Choctawius aus dem Paläozän und Eozän Nordamerikas und Frankreichs und Niptomomys und Uintasorex aus dem Eozän des westlichen Nordamerikas. Diese vier Gattungen teilen die lanzettähnlichen Schneidezähne der anderen Mitglieder der Familie Microsyopidae, aber ihr Gebiss weist kleine dritte Molare und relativ breitere Talonide und kleinere Trigonide bei den unteren Molaren auf. Ihre Zähne deuten auf weiche Nahrung aus Früchten, Harzen und anderen Baumsäften oder Nektar hin.

Systematik

Literatur

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S. M. McCarroll, J. J. Flynn, W. D. Turnbull 1996, Biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of the Bridgerian-Uintan Washakie Formation, Washakie Basin, Wyoming. The Terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene Transition in North America. :11, p. 25 - 39, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511665431.003

W. C. Clyde, J. J. Flynn, W. D. Turnbull 1997, Stratigraphy and mammalian paleontology of the McCullough Peaks, northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming: Implications for biochronology, basin development, and community reorganization across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. PhD Thesis, University of Michigan. :11, p. - 39, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511665431.003

W. C. Clyde, J.-P. Zonneveld, J. Stamatakos, G. F. Gunnell, W. S. Bartels 1997, Magnetostratigraphy across the Wasatchian-Bridgerian boundary (early to middle Eocene) in the western Green River Basin, Wyoming. Journal of Geology. 105:11, p. 657 - 669, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511665431.003

W. C. Clyde, J.-P. Zonneveld, J. Stamatakos, G. F. Gunnell, W. S. Bartels 1997, Stratigraphy and mammalian paleontology of the McCullough Peaks, northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming: Implications for biochronology, basin development, and community reorganization across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. PhD Thesis, University of Michigan. :11, p. - 669, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511665431.003

P. Robinson, B. A. Williams, J. Stamatakos, G. F. Gunnell, W. S. Bartels 1997, Species diversity, tooth size, and shape of Haplomylus (Condylarthra, Hyopsodontidae) from the Powder River Basin, northeastern Wyoming. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming. 31:2, p. 59 - 78, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511665431.003

W. C. Clyde, B. A. Williams, J. Stamatakos, G. F. Gunnell, W. S. Bartels 1997, Stratigraphy and mammalian paleontology of the McCullough Peaks, northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming: Implications for biochronology, basin development, and community reorganization across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. PhD Thesis, University of Michigan. :2, p. - 78, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511665431.003

G. F. Gunnell, J.-P. Zonneveld, J. Stamatakos, G. F. Gunnell, W. S. Bartels 1998, Mammalian Fauna From the Lower Bridger Formation (Bridger A, Early Middle Eocene) of the Southern Green River Basin, Wyoming. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 30:3, p. 83 - 130, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511665431.003

P. Wilf, K. C. Beard, K. S. Davies-Vollum, J. W. Norejko 1998, Portrait of a late Paleocene (early Clarkforkian) terrestrial ecosystem; Big Multi Quarry and associated strata, Washakie Basin, southwestern Wyoming. Palaios. 13:6, p. 514 - 532, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511665431.003

G. F. Gunnell, K. C. Beard, K. S. Davies-Vollum, J. W. Norejko 1998, Mammalian Fauna From the Lower Bridger Formation (Bridger A, Early Middle Eocene) of the Southern Green River Basin, Wyoming. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 30:3, p. 83 - 130, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511665431.003

G. F. Gunnell, W. S. Bartels, K. S. Davies-Vollum, J. W. Norejko 2001, Basin margins, biodiversity, evolutionary innovation, and the origin of new taxa. Eocene biodiversity: unusual occurrences and rarely sampled habitats (G. F. Gunnell, ed.). :3, p. 403 - 432, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511665431.003

S. G. Strait, W. S. Bartels, K. S. Davies-Vollum, J. W. Norejko 2001, New Wa-0 mammalian fauna from Castle Gardens in the southeastern Bighorn Basin. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology. 33:3, p. 127 - 143, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511665431.003

J. Alroy, W. S. Bartels, K. S. Davies-Vollum, J. W. Norejko 2002, Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals. . :3, p. - 432, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511665431.003

K. T. Smith, P. A. Holroyd, K. S. Davies-Vollum, J. W. Norejko 2003, Rare taxa, biostratigraphy, and the Wasatchian-Bridgerian boundary in North America. Geological Society of America Special Paper. 369:3, p. 501 - 511, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511665431.003

P. D. Gingerich, T. Smith, K. S. Davies-Vollum, J. W. Norejko 2006, Paleocene-Eocene land mammals from three new latest Clarkforkian and earliest Wasatchian wash sites at Polecat Bench in the northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming.. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 31:11, p. 245 - 303, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511665431.003

K. C. Beard, M. R. Dawson, K. S. Davies-Vollum, J. W. Norejko 2009, Early Wasatchian mammals of the Red Hot local fauna, uppermost Tuscahoma Formation, Lauderdale County, Mississippi. Annals of Carnegie Museum. 78:3, p. 193 - 243, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511665431.003

K. D. Rose, A. E. Chew, R. H. Dunn, M. J. Kraus, H. C. Fricke, S. P. Zack 2012, Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology. 36:3, p. 1 - 122, DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511665431.003

B. D. Rankin, P. A. Holroyd, R. H. Dunn, M. J. Kraus, H. C. Fricke, S. P. Zack 2014, Aceroryctes dulcis, a new palaeoryctid (Mammalia, Eutheria) from the early Eocene of the Wasatch Formation of southwestern Wyoming, USA. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 51:3, p. 919 - 926, DOI: 10.1139/cjes-2014-0101

G. F. Gunnell, J.-P. Zonneveld, W. S. Bartels 2016, Stratigraphy, mammalian paleontology, paleoecology, and age correlation of the Wasatch Formation, Fossil Butte National Monument, Wyoming\r\n. Journal of Paleontology. 90:5, p. 981 - 1011, DOI: 10.1017/jpa.2016.100

S. G. Strait, P. A. Holroyd, C. A. Denvir, B. D. Rankin 2016, Early Eocene (Wasatchian) rodent assemblages from the Washakie Basin, Wyoming. PaleoBios. 33:5, p. 1 - 28, DOI: 10.1017/jpa.2016.100

M. R. Dawson, K. N. Constenius, W. S. Bartels 2018, Mammalian fauna of the Middle Eoene Kishenehn Formation, Middle Fork of the Flathead River, Montana. Annals of Carnegie Museum. 85:1, p. 25 - 60, DOI: 10.1017/jpa.2016.100

†Microsyopidae

Die Mitglieder der Familie Microsyopidae gehören zu den primitivsten Primaten. Einige Wissenschaftler sind der Meinung, dass einige Gattungen lediglich als "primatenähnliche Insektenfresser" klassifiziert werden sollten.

Schädel und Zähne

System: Paläozän

Nordamerika

Systematik

Literatur