Paracolobus mutiwa (Cercopithecidae)



Paracolobus mutiwa ist eine Primatenart innerhalb der Familie Cercopithecidae, die ab dem Pliozän lebte, das vor rund 5,333 Millionen Jahren begann und bis vor vor 2,588 Millionen Jahren andauerte.

Fundorte

Systematik

Daten zu den einzelnen Funden von Paracolobus mutiwa
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
West Turkana - Lomekwi I see Upper Lomekwi Fauna Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Nachukui ETE Locality 153, LO1, Lomekwi I,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: between Lokalalei Tuff (2.52 +/- 0.05) and Tulu Bor Tuff (3.36 +/- 0.04) radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: ., ETE lithology comments: see Upper Lomekwi Fauna
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Theropithecus (Omopithecus) brumpti
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
East Turkana - Area 130 - Upper Burgi 10223.8km2 estimate from map, northern Karari Ridge subregion, seconds changed to allow separation on map Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Koobi Fora ETE Locality 317, Area 130 - Upper Burgi,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: max = Lokalalei tuff, min = KBS Tuff radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: lenticular, ETE lithology comments: mudstone, basaltic conglomerate
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Cercopithecoides kimeui
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - L.127 Omo River Valley, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 365, Omo - L.127,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff E, Min = Tuff F radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: silty clay and silt in E-3-3, sand is obliquely stratified, description and thickness for member
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Theropithecus (Omopithecus) brumpti
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - L.5/6 Omo River Valley, 2 localities combined, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 372, Omo - L.5/6, P. 413,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff E, Min = Tuff F radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: med. siltstone, silt pellets, tuffaceous (member description and thickness)
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - L.9 Omo River Valley, hominid site, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 373, Omo - L.9, P. 638, P.411,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff D (2.52+-.05ma), Min = Tuff E radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: upward-fining to silt, silty clay, gravel, (member description and thickness)
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Theropithecus (Omopithecus) brumpti
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - L.65 Omo River Valley, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 386, Omo - L.65,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff G, Min = G26/27 boundary, bottom of Olduvai (paleomag) radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: silty tuffite, stratified vitric tuff, clayey silt, tubular concretions, preserved land surface (member description)
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - L.67 Omo River Valley, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo, includes P.328, P.669 Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 387, Omo - L.67,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff G, Min = Tuff H radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: each unit fines up to silty sand or silt, sand is medium, G8-ss slabs and Etheria reefs (member description and thick)
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - O.151 lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 410, Omo - O.151,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff E, Min = Tuff F radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: obliquely stratified sand to stratified sand and silt to silty clay, trampling, silt lenses, tube-like concretions
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - L.144 Lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo, hominid site Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 425, Omo - L.144, P.400,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff C (2.85+-.08ma), Min = Tuff D (2.52+-.05ma) radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: fines up to silty clay
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Rhinocolobus turkanaensis
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - L.1 lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo, leftovers from L1N+S, L1 included 3 hominid sites, a few P sites and Omo 28 which was entered separately Piacenzian
zwischen 2.59 und 3.6 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 426, Omo - L.1,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff B (3.36+-.04ma), Min = Tuff C (2.85+-.08ma) radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: med. sandstone, unconformable lower contact, grayish tuff, silt, nodular concretions
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Rhinocolobus turkanaensis
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - L.627 Omo River Valley, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 432, L.740, Omo - L.627,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff G, Min = Tuff H radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: fines upwards to silt, 2 units, ss slabs, dessication cracks filled with tuff from G14
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Rhinocolobus turkanaensis
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - L.668 Omo River Valley, hominid site, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 435, Omo - L.668,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max=Tuff G, Min = Tuff H radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: silty, ETE lithology comments: fining up, clayey silt
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Rhinocolobus turkanaensis
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - O.29 Omo River Valley, may include other localities, suids are from G-3, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 439, Omo - O.29,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff G, Min = Tuff H radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: fining upward from sand, cyclic sedimentation (member description)
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Theropithecus oswaldi
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - O.18 Omo River Valley, macro and micromammal site, hominid and primate site, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 450, Omo - O.18,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff C (2.85+-.08ma), Min = Tuff D (2.52+-.05ma) radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: pellets, ETE lithology comments: local conglomerate of silt pellets
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Rhinocolobus turkanaensis
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - O.78 Omo River Valley, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 453, Omo - O.78,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff G, Min = Tuff H radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: fines up to silt, clayey silt, laminated clay, gypsum crystals (member description)
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - O.28 Omo River Valley, hominid site, camel locality, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo Piacenzian
zwischen 2.59 und 3.6 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 458, L.1s, Omo - O.28,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max=Tuff B-10-1 (2.95+-.03ma), Min = Tuff C (2.85+-.08ma) radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: complex deposit, ironstone conglomerate, gravel lag, clayey silt
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Rhinocolobus turkanaensis
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - O.71 Omo River Valley, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 460, Omo - O.71,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff E, Min = Tuff F radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: fines up to silt, clayey silt, exposed land surface in E-3
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Rhinocolobus turkanaensis
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - O.56 Omo River Valley, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 469, Omo - O.56, P.829,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max=Tuff C (2.85+-.08ma, Min=Tuff D (2.52+-.05ma) radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: fines up to silt and silty clay, cyclic sedimentation (member description)
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Theropithecus (Omopithecus) brumpti
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - L.35 Omo River Valley, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 474, Omo - L.35, P.95,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff G, Min = Tuff H radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: coarse silt, clayey silt, ss slabs (member description)
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - O.75 Omo River Valley, hominid site in G-13, large site in general, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 486, Omo - O.75,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff G, Min = Tuff H radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: med-coarse sand and gravel, interlayered with silt, cyclic, fining up to silt, ss slabs,clayey silt (member description)
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Theropithecus oswaldi
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - O.76 Omo River Valley, some contaminants from above hominids from Lower G, pigs from F-2, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 491, Omo - O.76,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff F , Min = Tuff H radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: interlayered with silt, fines up to silt, greenish sand and clay in F, tuffite (member description)
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Theropithecus (Omopithecus) brumpti
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - O.141 Omo River Valley, J.J. Jaeger excavated in 1973, micromammals site, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 499, Omo - O.141,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff G, Min = Tuff H radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: stratified, bioturbated, sand, clayey silt, concretions, clay
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Galago senegalensis
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - O.195 Omo River Valley, hominid site, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 500, Omo - O.195,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff G, Min = Tuff H radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: gravels, ss slabs, clayey silt, Etheria reefs (member description)
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Rhinocolobus turkanaensis
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - F.165 Omo River Valley, lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo. Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 558, Omo - F.165,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff G, Min = Tuff H radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: ss slabs, transition to silty sand, silt, clayey silt
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - O.3 Omo River Valley, composite of Omo 3-0 - 3-3: Omo 3-0 includes P.781, P.782, Omo 3-1 includes P.780. Lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo. Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 569, Omo - O.3,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max = Tuff B10-1 (2.95+-.03ma), Min = Tuff D (2.52+-.05ma) radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: 0, ETE lithology comments: cyclical sediments, sand at base, fines upward to silt and clay, Etheria reefs
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
USNO - White Sands Omo River Valley, sequence complicated by faulting but is essentially the same as the Brown sands. Lat/long obtained by grid overlain on aerial photo. Zanclean
zwischen 2.59 und 5.33 Millionen Jahren
USNO ETE Locality 572, USNO - White Sands,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: composite, ETE age comment: Max = U-14, bottom of Mammoth (paleomag), Min = U - 16/17, bottom of Kaena (paleomag) ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: gravelly, coarse sand, minor variations from Brown sands
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Rhinocolobus turkanaensis
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
USNO - Brown Sands Omo River Valley, dates are mostly correlations with Shungura formation, Vertebrate fossils are from U -12-2, U -12-3, Hominid locality. Lat/long obtained from grid overlain on aerial photo. Zanclean
zwischen 2.59 und 5.33 Millionen Jahren
USNO ETE Locality 573, USNO - Brown Sands,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: time_unit, ETE age comment: Max = U - 11/12 boundary (paleomag), Min = U-14 (paleomag) ETE rock type adj: unconsolidated, ETE lithology comments: gravelly, stratified coarse sand
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Rhinocolobus turkanaensis
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - member G27 "Sector 29,lat/long from type locality" Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 808, Omo - member G27,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max age = 2.33 (Tuff G). Min age = 1.88 (Tuff F). radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: 0, ETE lithology comments: Interlayered silt and sand
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - upper member G (14-29) "Drier,lat/ong from type locality " Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 809, Omo - upper member G (14-29),
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max age = 2.33 (Tuff G). Min age = 1.88 (Tuff H). radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: 0, ETE lithology comments: "Silts, sands, and clays"
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Theropithecus oswaldi
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - member E1 "S of P386,lat/long from type section " Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 822, Omo - member E1,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max age = 2.37 (Tuff E). Min age = 2.36 (Tuff F). radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: 0, ETE lithology comments: "Sand conglomerate, sand, and silt"
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Theropithecus (Omopithecus) brumpti
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - member G6 "At L7-n, lat/ong from type section" Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 834, Omo - member G6,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max age = 2.33 (Tuff G). Min age = 1.88 (Tuff H). radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: 0, ETE lithology comments: "Clayey to sandy silt, tuff."
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - member G5 "At L7-n, lat/ong from type section" Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 835, Omo - member G5,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max age = 2.33 (Tuff G). Min age = 1.88 (Tuff H). radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: 0, ETE lithology comments: "Gravel, sand, silt, and clay. General fining-upward trend."
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Paranthropus boisei
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - member G1 "E of L7-n, lat/long from type section" Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 839, Omo - member G1,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max age = 2.33 (Tuff G). Min age = 1.88 (Tuff H). radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: 0, ETE lithology comments: "Interbedded tuffite, silt, and mixtures of the two. "
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - member F3 "W of L28, lat/ong from type section" Gelasian
zwischen 1.81 und 2.59 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 841, Omo - member F3,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max age = 2.36 (Tuff F). Min age = 2.33 (Tuff G). radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: 0, ETE lithology comments: Interbedded sand and silt and sandstone.
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Theropithecus (Omopithecus) brumpti
Sammlung Kommentar zum Fundort Epoche, Alter Geologie, Formation Kommentar zur Sammlung
Omo - member A1 Lat/long from type section @ P64 & P907 Piacenzian
zwischen 2.59 und 3.6 Millionen Jahren
Shungura ETE Locality 851, Omo - member A1,
Kommentar z. Stratigraphie Lithographie
ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: Max age = 3.4 (Tuff A). Min age = 3.36 +/- .04 (Tuff B). radiometric intage_min ETE rock type adj: gravelly, ETE lithology comments: "Sand and grit, laminated clay"
U.a. am Fundort ausgegraben: Rhinocolobus turkanaensis

Literatur

G. Eck 1977, Diversity and frequency distributions of Omo Group Cercopithecidae. Journal of Human Evolution. 6, p. 55 - 63
M. G. Leakey 1982, Extinct large Colobines from the Plio-Pleistocene of Africa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 58, p. 153 - 172
J. de Heinzelin 1983, The Omo Group: Archives of the International Omo Research Expedition. Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Annales Series 8, Tervuren, Belgique. 85, p. - 172
H. B. Wesselman 1984, The Omo Micromammals: Systematics and Paleoecology of Early Man Sites from Ethiopia. Contributions to Vertebrate Evolution. 17, p. - 172
J. M. Harris, F.H. Brown, M.G. Leakey 1988, Stratigraphy and Paleontology of pliocene and Pleistocene Localities West of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 399, p. 1 - 128
G. Suwa, T. D. White, F. Clark Howell 1996, Mandibular postcanine dentition from the Shungura Formation, Ethiopia: Crown morphology, taxonomic allocations and Plio-Pleistocene Hominid Evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 101, p. 247 - 282