Notharctidae - Evolution der Primaten

†Notharctidae

Notharctidae ist der Familienname von 82 Primaten, die ab dem frühen Paläogen (Paläozän) im Thanetium vor 59,2 Millionen Jahren bis 56 Millionen Jahren lebten. Viele Überreste wurden in Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika (USA) gefunden.

Die Mitglieder der vielgestaltigen Primaten-Familie Notharctidae waren im Eozän Nordamerikas und Europas weit verbreitet.

Sie gehören zu den bekanntesten aller fossilen Primaten, was zum großen Teil auf Gregory´s (1920) klassischen Studien über das Skelett von Notharctus zurückzuführen ist, einer Primatenart, die aus dem mittleren Eozän sehr gut bekannt ist. Eine Reihe neuerer Detailstudien des Skeletts und der damit verbundenen Art der Fortbewegung kommen zu unterschiedlichen Auffassungen: Einige Autoren sind der Meinung, dass sich Notharctus im Geäst in aufrechter Körperhaltung springend fortbewegte, ähnlich wie die heutigen Sifakas (Propithecus). Andere folgern aus ihren Studien, dass Notharctus generalisierter war, sich vierbeinig durch das Geäst fortbewegte und nur gelegentlich von einem Ast zum anderen sprang.

Fundorte

Die Funddaten, die Systematik sowie die unten folgende Literatursammlung stammen aus der Paleobiology Database, Lizenz

Die Anatomie des Handgelenks und der Hand (kurze und lange Mittelhandknochen, Finger- und Zehenglieder angepasst ans Greifen) ist mit heute lebenden vierbeinigen Lemuren vergleichbar (Hamrick, 1996; Hamrick & Alexander, 1996). Der vierte Finger von Notharctus ist wie bei heute lebenden Lemuren der längste. Alles in allem ist es wahrscheinlich, dass Notharctus und seine Verwandten aktive, baumlebende Primaten waren, die in vielerlei Hinsicht bereits den Lemuren ähnelten, sich aber noch nicht vollständig auf vertikales Klettern und Springen spezialisiert hatten.

Steckbrief

Die Welt zur Zeit von Notharctidae
Landmassenverteilung im Paläozän Bild: Ron Blakely
Ernährung/Lebensraum
Basierend auf den Fossilien glaubt man, dass die Familie Notharctidae Allesfresser (omnivor) waren. Ihr Leben verbrachen die Tiere vermutlich in den Bäumen (arboreal), wo sie auch ihre Nahrung fanden.
* Daten nach Alroy, 2002
Geographie, Epoche
Lebte im:	System: Paläogen Serie: Paläozän Stufe: Thanetium
Verbreitung:	Nordamerika Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika (USA)

Physiologie
Gewicht:	?
Schwestertaxa
†Omanodon †Caenopithecinae †Sivaladapidae †Sivaladapinae †Lushius Adapoidea †Mahgarita †Ekgmowechashalidae †Sulaimanius †Pronycticebinae †Mescalerolemur †Adapidae

Die europäische Unterfamilie Cercamoniinae, die während des gesamten Eozäns existierte, scheint von von Cantius abzustammen. Bis heute sind mehrere Zweige der Cercamoniinae entdeckt worden. Ein Zweig wird von Europolemur vertreten. Diese Gattung umfasst mittelgroße Arten von 1 - 3 kg Körpergewicht (Fleagle, 1999), deren Gebisse Cantius ähneln, außer dass die oberen Molaren ein komplettes linguales Cingulum und einen cingularen Hypokonus aufweisen. Es gab eine Tendenz, die ersten Prämolaren zu verlieren und die unteren Prämolaren (P2) zu reduzieren. Teilskelette von Europolemur aus Messel in Deutschland weisen eine ähnliche Anatomie und ähnliche Proportionen wie Notharctus auf (Franzen & Frey, 1999).

Andere nennenswerte (mögliche) Cercamoniinae sind Djebelemur aus dem frühen Eozän Tunesiens, sowie die späteozänen Gattungen Aframonius aus Ägypten, Caenopithecus aus Europa und Mahgarita aus Texas. Die meisten Autoren sind sich einig, dass diese Gattungen zu den Adapiformes gehören, aber ihre genaue Beziehungen innerhalb der Gruppe sind problematisch. Dennoch zeugen sie von der enormen Ausbreitung der verschiedenen Adapiformes im Eozän.

Systematik

Adapoidea
- †Notharctidae

Literatur

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†Notharctidae

Die Mitglieder der vielgestaltigen Primaten-Familie Notharctidae waren im Eozän Nordamerikas und Europas weit verbreitet.

System: Paläogen

Serie: Paläozän

Stufe: Thanetium

Nordamerika

Systematik

Literatur